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                    <text>Rockingham County Voter and Election Records
Collection Summary

Title

Rockingham County Voter and Election records

Collection Reference
Code

Ver

Inclusive Dates

1870-1980

Document Creator
Extent
Genre/Format

Electoral Board, Election Officers, County and City Registrars
13 boxes; 9 bound volumes; 7 linear feet
Official Court Records

Language
Location

English
Rockingham County Circuit Court Archives

Access and
Restrictions

This work has been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring
rights. (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/)

Bio/Historical Note

Every city and county in the Commonwealth of Viginia has a three-member Electoral Board, which ensures fair, free, open
and transparent elections. The Electoral board for each city and county then apppoints election officers, who serve as the
adminstrators of polling sites and ballot collectors. County and City Registrars are also appointed by the Electoral board to
ensure the registration of qualified voters in the Commonwealth.

�Scope and Content

There are nine different series within this record group. This first consists of voter registration books, which date from 18701952. These were broken into three divisions. There is a separate volume for white males registred to vote between 1870
and 1952, white females registered to vote from 1920-1952 and a volume for both male and female (one they were granted
the right to vote) African Americans registered to vote from 1870-1952. These forms contained information such as the date
of the registration, the persons name, date of birth, age, occuption, residnence, naturalization status and precinct transfer (if
applicable). The second series, List of Voters Registered, are loose records indicating individuals registered to vote in
specific precincts. These are seperate from the bound volumes, as the formats differ, but it is not clear how they were used
differently. Registration of Oaths is the third series. They are natuarally divided into two subseries Male Registrations (19191944) and Female Registrations (1920-1944). These were to be filed by the Registrar along with the Books of Registration.
The oath established the individuals right to register under the Constitution and laws of the state. Series four contains voter
transfer applications made to the Registrar by the individual wishing to transfer precincts. There is no information provided
as to the reason for the request. Registration Laws is a series comprised on documentation relating to the Voter Registration
Code of 1958. Certificates of Registration make up the sixth series of this record group. These were certificates used to
certify a previously registered voter could transfer to a newly established voting precinct. Information listed includes the
name, race, date of birth, age and occupation of the individual, as well as their former voting precinct. The Abstract of Votes
series is divided into subseries for Local Elections, State Elections, National Elections, Elections on Legislature, and Special
Elections. Special Elections refer to (but is not limited to) elections for Soil Conservation officers, elections on the change of
municipal government, and bond issues. General Election Records consists of various records that did not fall into clearly
into previously established series. This includes Special Election Records, Newspaper Articles, Electoral Board
Correspondences. Finally, Series nine containts Voting Precinict Petitions (1915-1931). These petitions were brought by
local individuals requesting the establishment of a new voting precinct or the revision of precinct boundary lines.

Arrangement

All series, and subsequent subseries, are arranged chronologically.
Index Terms

Subject

Voting--1870-1980, Voting--History--20th century, Voting registers--Virginia, Voting registrars, Voting rights,
Rockingham County (Va.), Rockingham County (Va.)--Genealogy--Sources, Rockingham County (Va.)--History-Sources.

Processing
Informtaion/Archival These records have been maintained continuously by the Circuit Court. The electoral board was required to submit abstracts
History
of votes for each election to the Clerk of the Court for safe keeping.

�Contents
Series I

Voter Registration

Location

White Male Vol. 1
White Male Vol. 2
White Male Vol. 3
White Male Vol. 4
White Male Vol. 5
White Male Vol. 6

J.001_001_001
J.001_001_002
J.001_001_003
J.001_001_004
J.001_001_005
J.001_001_006

White Female Vol. 1
White Female Vol. 2
White Female Vol. 3

J.001_001_007
J.001_001_008
J.001_001_009

"Colored" Male and

J.001_001_010

List of Voters

Location

Box I

Folder I: List of Voters
Registered 1913-1944

C.005_003_003

Series III

Registration of Oaths

Location

Box I

Folder II: Registration
of Oaths-Male

C.005_003_003

Folder III: Registration
of Oaths-Female

C.005_003_003

Voter Transfer

Location

Series II

Series IV

�Box I
Series V

Folder IV: Voter

C.005_003_003

Registration Laws

Box I

Folder V: Voter

Series VI

Certifications of
Registrations

C.005_003_003

Folder VI: Certificates
of Registration (1904-

C.005_003_003

Series VII

Abstract of Votes

Location

Box II
Box III

National Elections
National Elections

C.005_001_003

Box IV

Local Elections (1914Local Elections (1962-

C.005_003_003
C.005_003_003

Box V

On Legislature (1912-

C.005_003_003

Box VI
Box VII
Box VIII
Box IX
Box X

State Elections (1913State Elections (1919State Elections (1932State Elections (1945State Elections (1960-

C.005_001_003
C.005_001_003
C.005_001_003
C.005_001_003
C.005_001_003

Special Elections (1945Unspecified (19171921)

C.005_003_004

Box I

Box XI

C.005_003_004

�Series VIII

Box XI

Box XII

Series IX
Box XII

General Election
Folder Title: Special
Election Records, 1914
Folder Title: Special
Election Records, 1934
Folder Title: Special
Election Records, 1936
Folder Title: Special
Election Records, 1938
Folder Title: Special
Election Records, 1942
Folder Title: Special
Election Records, 1943
Folder Title: Special
Election Records, 1944
Folder I: Newspaper
Folder II: Electoral
Board Correspondences
Voting Precinct
Folder Title: Voting
Precinct Petition, 1915
Folder Title: Voting
Precinct Petition, 1916
Folder Title: Voting
Precinct Petition, 1923
Folder Title: Voting
Precinct Petition, 1931

Location

C.005_003_004
C.005_003_004
C.005_003_004
C.005_003_004
C.005_003_004
C.005_003_004
C.005_003_004
C.005_003_004
C.005_003_004
Location
C.005_003_004
C.005_003_004
C.005_003_004
C.005_003_004

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                <text>Rockingham County Voter and Election Records </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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                  <elementText elementTextId="58531">
                    <text>Rockingham (VA) Shenandoah National Park records
Collection Summary

Title
Collection Reference Code
Inclusive Dates
Document Creator
Extent
Genre/Format
Language
Location

Shenandoah National Park Condemnation records
SNP
1925-1939
Rockingham County Circuit Court; Rockingham County Chancery Court
16 binders
Court records
English
Rockingham County Circuit Court Clerk's Office

Access and Restrictions

This work has been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related
and neighboring rights.

Bio/Historical Note

The federal government’s power of eminent domain has long been used in the United States to acquire
property for public use. Eminent domain ''appertains to every independent government. It requires no
constitutional recognition; it is an attribute of sovereignty.” However, the Fifth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution stipulates: “nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.”
Thus, whenever the United States acquires a property through eminent domain, it has a constitutional
responsibility to compensate the property owner. The needs of a growing population for more and updated
modes of transportation triggered many additional acquisitions in the early decades of the century, for
constructing railroads or maintaining navigable waters. The 1930s brought a flurry of land acquisition cases
in support of New Deal policies that aimed to resettle impoverished farmers, build large-scale irrigation
projects, and establish new national parks. Condemnation was used to acquire lands for the Shenandoah,
Mammoth Cave, and Great Smoky Mountains National Parks (https://perma.cc/GKA4-GYKS). The
Shenandoah National Park Condemnation Records relate the the creation of Skyline Drive in the Blue Ridge
Mountains. To establish the park, the government moved many families off these lands.

Scope and Content

Researchers can expect to find all original court case documents including petitions, affidavits, court
transcripts, and court orders, as well as additional material such as correspondences (between local
authorities and government officials as well as letters from families to be moved), newspaper clippings,
maps of the park, deed for each tract and financial records.

Arrangement

This collection is arranged into three separate series. The first series consists of all court records created
pertaining to the eminent domain case "The State Commission on Conservation and Development of the
State of Virginia v. Cassandra Lawson Atkins et als and 52, 561 acres more or less, of land in Rockingham
County, VA."
Index Terms

Georgraphic Name

Shenandoah National Park (Va.), Shenandoah National Park (Va.)--History, Local, Rockingham County
(Va.)--History, Rockingham County (Va.)--Genealogy.

Subject

Skyline Drive (Va.), Skyline Drive (Va.)--History, Skyline Drive (Va.)--Maps, Condemnation of land,
Mountain people -- Blue Ridge Mountains -- Social life and customs

Processing Information

The Shenandoah National Park Records were procced in 2015 by James Madison University graduate
student Tristan Nelson. They had long been housed in the Circuit Court of Rockingham County, and
unfortunately they were found without any clear organization or original order. It was determined that the
easiest arrangement would be to file all records alphabetically by claimant.

Contents
Series I

Condemnation Case records (SNP_001)

Location

Instances (by Surname)
Binder I
Binder II
Binder III
Binder IV
Binder V
Binder VI
Binder VII
Binder VIII
Binder IX
Binder X
Binder XI
Binder XII

Alexander-Breeden, Norah
Breeden, Ra.-Dean, Ro.
Dean, Sa.-Fogle, Earl C
Foltz, Vernon-Helbert, Jt.
Hensley Graveyard-Hinkle, Jw.
Hokins, Eb.- Lam, Ec.
Lam, Elmer-Meadows, Es.
Meadows, Jw.-Mundy
Naylor-Shifflett, Ah.
Shifflett, Al.-Shuller, James
Sipe, Ed.-Williams, He.
Williams, Ja.-Yost, Jacob

Series II

Miscellaneous records (SNP_002)

M.001_001_001
M.001_001_002
M.001_001_003
M.001_001_004
M.001_001_005
M.001_001_006
M.001_001_007
M.001_001_008
M.001_001_009
M.001_001_010
M.001_001_011
M.001_001_012
Location

Instances (by date)
Binder XIII
Binder XIV
Binder XV
Binder XVI

March 28, 1930-November 20, 1931
January 16, 1932-December 10, 1932
January 8, 1933-August 15, 1933
August 16, 1933-March 8, 1939

Series III

Skyline Drive Deed Books

Deed Book I
Deed Book II

Official Legal Petition
Tracts and plats

M.001_001_013
M.001_001_014
M.001_001_015
M.001_001_016
Location
M.001_001_015
M.001_001_016

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                <text>Shenandoah National Park creation </text>
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                    <text>Rockingham County Overseers of the Poor records
Collection Summary

Title
Collection Reference
Code
Inclusive Dates
Document Creator
Extent

Rockingham County Overseers of the Poor records

Genre/Format
Language
Location

OSP
1766-1914
The Overseers of the Poor for Rockingham County
1 binder consisting of 167 pages; 1 bound book consisting of 35
pages; One folder consisting of 2 correspondence letter
Official records
English
Rockingham County Circuit Court

Access and
Restrictions

This work has been identified as being free of known restrictions
under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights.

Bio/Historical Note

Prior to the establishment of federal social welfare in the 1930s,
poverty in America was largely a local issue. Each town or county
cared for their impoverished based on the needs of their
communities. While an Americanized form of English Poor Laws
initially informed the practices of caring for the poor, the
American institution soon developed its own practices. The
Overseers of the Poor were the local officials appointed for each
county tasked with the oversight and care for the poor. These men
usually met once a year to discuss the taxes to be laid, the overall
running of the poorhouse, and the election of new members.
Rockingham County's Overseers left behind meeting minutes,
annual receipts of expenses, indentures of apprenticeship, and
correspondences that reveal a great deal about social welfare in the
Valley, including dynamics of gender, race, and class.

�Scope and Content

Arrangement

The collection is comprised of four series. The first is the
Rockingham County Overseers of the Poor meeting minutes from
1787-1870. The bulk of this series can be found in the bound
book with meeting minutes from 1787-1862. The remainder
(1865-1870) can be found in a seperate book. Series II consists of
2 folders with one corresponce letter in each, either written to or
by the Overseers. Series III is comprised of Indentures of
Apprenticeship, which were formal contracts created by the
overseers to bind poor or orpahned children to a "master" with
who they would learn a trade. The final series, series IV is made
up of various account receipts detailing to sundry materials
overseers purchased for the poor.
Documents are arranged in four series and within each series the
records are arranged chronologically and alphabetically.
Index Terms

Subject
Geographic Name

Poorhouses, Almshouses, Poverty--America, 19th century,
Gender &amp; American culture, Race and society
Local, Rockingham County (Va.)--History, Rockingham County
(Va.)--Genealogy.
Contents

Series I

Meeting Minutes

Overseers of the Poors
Book I
1787-1861
Overseers of the Poor
Book II
1865-1871
Series II

Correspondences

Box VII

1866-1867

Series III

Indentures of
Apprenticeship

Box I
Box II
Box III
Box IV

1766-1809
1810-1817
1818-1825
1826-1835

Location

J.001_001_012
K.001_001_016

C.005_003_002

C.005_003_002
C.005_003_002
C.005_003_002
C.005_003_002

�Box V
Box VI

1836-1844
1845-1871

C.005_003_002
C.005_003_002

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                    <text>Prohibition records
Collection Summary

Title
Collection Reference
Code
Inclusive Dates
Document Creator
Extent
Genre/Format
Language
Location

Access and
Restrictions
Bio/Historical Note

Rockingham County Prohibition records
Pro
1913-1934
Rockingham County Circuit Court
15 Hollinger boxes; 6.25 linear feet
Official court records
English
Rockingham County Circuit Court
This work has been identified as being free of known restrictions under
copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights.
(https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/)
This collection consists of 6,379 documents from criminal cases regarding
the enforcement of the state and national prohibition laws by the
Rockingham County Circuit Court. On March 10, 1916, Virginia enacted
statewide prohibition with an act of the General Assembly--commonly
known as the “Mapp Act.” This act made it "unlawful to manufacture,
transport, sell, keep or store for sale, offer, advertise, or expose for sale,
give away, or dispense, or solicit in any way, or receive orders for or aid in
procuring ardent spirits." This act was not written to prevent manufacture
for consumption; it was intended to stimulate Virginia's temperance
movement. After national prohibition went into effect in January 1920, with
the ratification of the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution , the
National Prohibition Act (Volstead Act), was enacted to provide legislation
for the enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment. The ban on alcohol, and
increased enforcement, did not stop many Americans from partaking in the
past time. Alcohol simply receded into the shadows, and became a defining
feature of 20th century culture. While the story if often told from an urban
perspective, the following collection highlights the experience of a souther
rural community, grappling with the effects of prohibiton.

�Scope and Content

Arrangement

The Prohibition Records collection consists of 650 legal cases related to the
criminal act of ardent spirit production and transportation in Rockingham
County from 1913-1934. For each case, the following documents are
typically included: a true bill, arrest warrant, judgment, affidavit, and jury
decision. Additionally, there are over 500 affidavits for the sale of ardent
spirits, a myriad of liquor inventories for various business, and general
records, which range from applications to sell spirits to reports of stills
seized and destroyed.

The documents are organized into five series: Criminal Cases, Affidavits for
Ardent Spirits, Commercial Liquor Inventory Records, Liquor License
Applications, and General Records. Within each series, items have been
arranged chronologically, and alphabetically. Criminal cases are arranged by
the last name of the defendent.
Index Terms

Georgraphic Name

Local, Rockingham County (Va.)--History, Rockingham County (Va.)-Genealogy.

Subject

Prohibition--History, Prohibition--Government policy--United States,
Prohibition--United States--History--20th century, Prohibition--United
States--History--20th century--Sources, Prohibition--Virginia--History

Processing
Information

In 2018 history graduate student, Craig Schaefer, identified the aggregate of
prohibition records within the circuit court archives and set about to arrange
them in a way to make them more accessible for researchers. When found,
the records were bundled together, without a clear organization. While we
ackowledge the value of original order, the records were collected in a
manner that made them nearly impossible to intellectually engage with.
Contents

Series I
Box I
Box II
Box III
Box IV
Box V
Box VI
Box VII
Box VIII

Criminal Cases

Location

1913-1921
1913-1921
1922-1924
1922-1924
1922-1924
1925
1926
1927

C.005_003_001
C.005_003_001
C.005_003_001
C.005_003_001
C.005_003_001
C.005_003_001
C.005_002_001
C.005_002_001

�Box IX
Box X
Box XI
Box XII

1928-1929
1930
1931-1932
1933

C.005_002_001
C.005_002_001
C.005_002_001
C.005_002_001

Series II

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits

Location

Box XIII

Folder Title

Folder I

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Bridgewater, VA

C.005_001_001

Folder II

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Broadway, VA

C.005_001_001

Folder III

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Dayton, VA

C.005_001_001

Folder IV

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Elkton, VA

C.005_001_001

Folder V

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Grottoes, VA

C.005_001_001

Folder VI

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Harrisonburg, VA

C.005_001_001

Folder VII

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Unspecified I

C.005_001_001

Folder VIII

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Island Ford, VA

C.005_001_001

Folder IX

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Keezletown, VA

C.005_001_001

Folder X

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Linville, VA

C.005_001_001

Folder XI

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, McGaheysville,
VA

C.005_001_001

�Folder XII

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Melrose, VA

C.005_001_001

Folder XIII

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Mount Crawford,
VA

C.005_001_001

Foldedr XIV

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Penn Laird, VA

C.005_001_001

Folder XV

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Port Republic,
VA

C.005_001_001

Folder XVI

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Timberville, VA

C.005_001_001

Folder XVII

Affidavits for Ardent Spirits, Unspecified II

C.005_001_001

Folder XVIII

Affidavits for Drugists, Dentists, Physicians,
Veterinary Surgeons, etc.

C.005_001_001

Commercial Liquour Inventory

Location

Series III
Box IX

Folder Title

Folder I

Liquor Inventory of Businesses (A-B)

C.005_001_001

Folder II

Liquor Inventory of Businesses (C-D)

C.005_001_001

Folder III

Liquor Inventory of Businesses (E-M)

C.005_001_001

Folder IV

Liquor Inventory of Businesses (N-O)

C.005_001_001

Folder V

Liquor Inventory of Businesses (V-Z)

C.005_001_001

Series IV

General Records

Location

Box X

Folder Title

�Folder I

Applications and Notices re: Licences to sell
soft drinks (A-L)

C.005_001_001

Folder II

Applications and Notices re: Licences to sell
soft drinks (M-Z)

C.005_001_001

Folder III

Various correspondences (1912-1927)

C.005_001_001

Folder IV

Reports on seized and destroyed alcohol and
stills (1921-1923)

C.005_001_001

Folder V

Prohibition violators assigned to road force
(1922-1926)

C.005_001_001

Folder VI

Pardons for W E McDonaldson, Daniel D
Webster, and George Nicholas

C.005_001_001

Folder VII

Petitions for Referendum on sales of beaar and
wine and other alcohol beverages

C.005_001_001

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                    <text>Rockingham County Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840
Records Group Summary

Title

Rockingham County Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840

Reference Code
Inclusive Dates
Document Creator
Extent
Genre/Format
Language
Location

RCSR
1835-1840
Rockingham County Board of School Commissioners
1 box consisting of 19 folders
Official records
English
Rockingham County Circuit Court

Access and
This work has been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law,
Restrictions
including all related and neighboring rights.
Bio/Historical Note On February 21, 1818, the Virginia lesislature passed a school bill which appropriated
$45,000 annually from the Literary Fund for the education of poor children. The Literary
Fund had been established in 1810 which passage of a bill to appropriate "certain escheats,
confiscated, and forfeited lands" for the "encouragement of learning." Under the
provisions of the 1818 School Act, each county court was required to appoint five to
fifteen commissioners to establish and/or administer schools for children of the poor. A
more comprehensive public school system was established by legislature in 1870. Prior to
1818, county schools were given the option of whether to apoint a Board of School
Commissioners.

�Scope and Content
Rockingham County (Va.) Board of School Commissioners Records, 1835-1840, contain
treasurer's accounts, school reports, school bonds, and abstracts of school masters
documenting the disbursement of the county's allotment, from the state's Literary Fund, for
the education of indigent children. The Treasurer's accounts, 1835-1840, record the
amount of money drawn from the State Literary Fund, money paid to each schoolmaster,
the number of children taught, number of days taught, price of school for each day and
student, and money spent on books and slates. The School Reports record the schools
operating in the thirteen districts in Rockingham County. The reports also indicate the
estimated number of poor children who qualified to attend the schools, number of students
who attend school, the names of the schoolmasters and schoolmistresses teaching in the
schools, salaries paid to the teachers, and the books used. School Bonds list the amount of
money the treasurer of the School Commissioners of Rockingham County owe to the
President and Director of the Literary Fund.

Arrangement

Documents are arranged into four series; school reports 1835-1838, school treasurers
accounts 1835-1839, Abstracts of School Masters 1835-1840, and School Bonds 18341836. Sometime during the 1970s the records were taken to the Library of Virginia for
adequate archival preservation. These documents were recently transfered back to the
circuit court and upon their arrival had no apparent arrangement. The archivist arranged
them according to the principle ofrespect des fonds and provenance, meaning the records
were identified as organic collections acculated by the Rockingham County Board of
School Commissioners and should not be seperated. Additionally, the series reflect the
administrative units that fell under the Board.
Index Terms

Subject

Government aid to education--Virginia. Poor children--Virginia. Public Schools--Virginia.
Teachers--Virginia. Literary Fund (Va.). School reports--Virginia. Schools--records and
correspondence--Virginia.

Local, Rockingham County (Va.)--History--19th century. Rockingham County (Va.)-Geographic Name Genealogy.

�Contents
Series I

School Reports

Box 1

Folder Title

Location
Year

School Commissioners of
Rockingham County

1835

School Commissioners of
Rockingham County

1836

School Commissioners of
Rockingham County

1837

School Commissioners of
Rockingham County

1838

Series II

Treasures Accounts

Box 1

Folder Title
John Brown, Treasurer
John Brown, Treasurer
John Brown, Treasurer
John Brown, Treasurer
John Brown, Treasurer

Series III

Abstract of School Masters

Box 1

Folder Title
School Commissioners of
Rockingham County

C.005_002_002

Year
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839

C.005_002_002

Year

C.005_002_002

1835

�School Commissioners of
Rockingham County

1837

School Commissioners of
Rockingham County

1838

School Commissioners of
Rockingham County

1839

School Commissioners of
Rockingham County

1840

Series IV

School Bonds

Box I

Folder Title

Year

School Commissioners of
Rockingham County (1834)

1834

School Commissioners of
Rockingham County (1835)

1835

School Commissioners of
Rockingham County (1836)

1836

School Commissioners of
Rockingham County (1836)

1836

C.005_002_002

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